While Bernofsky’s prose can be a pleasure to read, the liberties she sometimes takes with her translations distract from its beauty. While the connotation here is a “traveling salesman,” and “drummer” is a nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century term for traveling salesman, it is decidedly American, which makes it seems out of place alongside more British terms like “charwoman.” Moreover, Bernofsky’s attempt to justify her choice of “drummer” by linking it to Miller’s Death of a Salesman falls flat. Bernofsky’s rendering of Prokurist as “general manager” feels equally malapropos, as does her choice of “drummer” for Reisende. Moreover, the sentence immediately before “called in sick,” in Bernofsky’s translation, reads, “The clerk was the boss’s underling, devoid of backbone and wit.” The proximity of “sick” and “wit” creates an unwelcome rhyme. It is even more unlikely that the idiom “call in sick” existed in the English vernacular of the time. Consider the sentence, Wie nun, wenn er sich krank meldete? Here, the Muir translation reads, “Well, supposing he were to say he was sick?” Bernofsky, perhaps following Hofmann’s lead, renders the line “What if he called in sick?” While the telephone surely existed in the Prague of 1915, the chances that the Samsa house had one are unlikely. At the end of the day, translation is about making choices, and at times Bernofsky’s choices are anachronistic. Occasional clumsiness is only one of this translation’s peccadilloes. In the afterword to this new edition, translator Susan Bernofsky discusses the challenge of translating Ungeziefer whereas Hoffman offers the reader specificity, Bernofksy opts to highlight the word’s ambiguity with “some sort of monstrous insect.” This periphrasis, however, seems clumsy. In 1972 Stanley Corngold would transform Kafka’s ungeheuren Ungeziefer into a “monstrous vermin,” while Michael Hofmann in 2007 introduced his readers to “a monstrous cockroach.” What is one of twentieth-century literature’s most iconic first lines, translated by Will and Edwin Muir, is also one of the most reinterpreted.

“As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed into a gigantic insect.” This is how generations of English readers came to know Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis.

Susan bernofsky metamorphosis